Journal: Pharmaceuticals

Article Title: Antidepressant-Like Effects of n -Butylidenephthalide Using In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

doi: 10.3390/ph19020242

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antidepressant activity of BP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o.) was evaluated in FST ( A ), TST ( B ), and the mechanism of action of BP with inhibitors in the TST ( C ). The reference drug was 25 mg/kg p.o. amitriptyline (AMT). The results of all experimental groups are reported as the mean values (±SEM) (n = 8). Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey post hoc tests. In the FST: a p < 0.05 vs. the vehicle group, and b p < 0.05 vs. the BP group at the dose of 50 mg/kg. In the TST: a p < 0.0001 vs. the vehicle group. In C: a p = 0.0090 vs. the vehicle group.

Article Snippet: n-Butylidenephthalide (BP) (95% purity) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), pentylenetetrazol, pentobarbital, ketanserin, prazosin, and reserpine (RES) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); and amitriptyline (AMT) was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Pharmaceuticals

Article Title: Antidepressant-Like Effects of n -Butylidenephthalide Using In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

doi: 10.3390/ph19020242

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BP in the Novelty-Suppressed Feeding Test. The parameters evaluated were ( A ) latency time, ( B ) time spent eating, and ( C ) amount of food consumed. The abbreviations of AMT and BP correspond to amitriptyline (positive) and butylidenephthalide, respectively. The results are reported with the mean ± standard error mean (SEM) (n = 6–8). All data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett post hoc tests. The “a” letter means statistical difference ( p < 0.05) versus the vehicle group.

Article Snippet: n-Butylidenephthalide (BP) (95% purity) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), pentylenetetrazol, pentobarbital, ketanserin, prazosin, and reserpine (RES) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); and amitriptyline (AMT) was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Pharmaceuticals

Article Title: Antidepressant-Like Effects of n -Butylidenephthalide Using In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

doi: 10.3390/ph19020242

Figure Lengend Snippet: Behavioral tests of the reserpine-induced chronic depression model. The figures ( A – D ) correspond to the TST, FST, ECT, and rotarod tests, respectively. The abbreviations V, RS, BP, and AMT correspond to vehicle, reserpine, butylidenephthalide (BP), and amitriptyline, respectively. The results are reported with the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n = 10). Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey post hoc tests. The “a” letter means statistical difference ( p < 0.05) versus the vehicle group not treated with reserpine, “b” means statistical difference versus the vehicle group pretreated with reserpine ( p < 0.05), and “c” means statistical difference versus the AMT group ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: n-Butylidenephthalide (BP) (95% purity) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), pentylenetetrazol, pentobarbital, ketanserin, prazosin, and reserpine (RES) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); and amitriptyline (AMT) was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Techniques: